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The brain sciences are influencing our understanding of human behavior as never before, from neuropsychiatry and neuroeconomics to neurotheology and neuroaesthetics. Many now believe that the brain is what makes us human, and it seems that neuroscientists are poised to become the new experts in the management of human conduct. Neuro describes the key developments--theoretical, technological, economic, and biopolitical--that have enabled the neurosciences to gain such traction outside the laboratory. It explores the ways neurobiological conceptions of personhood are influencing everything from child rearing to criminal justice, and are transforming the ways we "know ourselves" as human beings. In this emerging neuro-ontology, we are not "determined" by our neurobiology: on the contrary, it appears that we can and should seek to improve ourselves by understanding and acting on our brains.
Neuro examines the implications of this emerging trend, weighing the promises against the perils, and evaluating some widely held concerns about a neurobiological "colonization" of the social and human sciences. Despite identifying many exaggerated claims and premature promises, Neuro argues that the openness provided by the new styles of thought taking shape in neuroscience, with its contemporary conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain, could make possible a new and productive engagement between the social and brain sciences.
Copyright note: Reproduction, including downloading of Joan Miro works is prohibited by copyright laws and international conventions without the express written permission of Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
- Sales Rank: #616159 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-02-21
- Released on: 2013-02-21
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"Rose and Abi-Rached make a convincing argument for a more positive engagement between the social and brain sciences in their discussion of the effects of neuroscience on public understanding of the self."--Wayne Hall, Lancet
"As the title implies, this book offers interesting thoughts and findings for any scholar with a connection to neuroscience."--Choice
"[I]t is essential reading. If you want to understand neuroscience--rather than just facts about neuroscience--Neuro is probably one of the most important books you could read. And the same goes if you are a neuroscientist or just interested in how we, as a society, are integrating the study of the brain into how we live."--Vaughan Bell, Mind Hacks
"Neuro is, in fact, a timely manifesto that urges the social sciences and the life sciences to ditch the mutual suspicion and start working together in a spirit of critical friendship. It is all the more powerful given Rose's intimacy with the life sciences."--Anjana Ahuja, RSA Journal
"Neuro convincingly shows, in a thoughtful, encompassing yet meticulous manner, how the neurosciences achieved their exceptional status as the Big Science of today, and what the fundamental difficulties of research in this area are. It is clear that we have every reason to constructively engage with the developments in the neurosciences and that focusing exclusively on critiques of reductionism just would not do the trick."--Ties van de Werff, New Genetics and Society
"What strikes one when reading Neuro is how well the authors know what they are writing about. Their strategy is one of informed, balanced assessment, carefully weighing promises against perils, methodological conundrums against technical breakthroughs, genuine in sights against promissory overclaim--all against a well-researched background of historical developments, institutional and personal entanglements, discursive surrounds, and political and institutional pressures."--Jan Slaby, Rezensionen
From the Back Cover
"The 'neurofication' of the humanities, social sciences, public policy, and the law has attracted promoters and detractors. What we have lacked until now is a critical but open-minded look at 'neuro.' This is what Rose and Abi-Rached have given us in this thoughtful and well-researched book. They do not jump on the neuro bandwagon, but instead offer a clear accounting of its appeal, its precedents in psychology and genetics, its genuine importance, and ultimately its limitations. A fascinating and important book."--Martha J. Farah, University of Pennsylvania
"Neuro makes a significant and original contribution to our understanding of the impact of the brain sciences on social and cultural processes. The scholarship throughout is brilliant. This book gives us extremely perceptive, detailed, and illuminating analyses of what is actually being claimed in the various branches of the neurosciences. It will attract a great deal of interest and controversy."--Emily Martin, author of Bipolar Expeditions: Mania and Depression in American Culture
"I enjoyed reading this book. It provides an interesting and comprehensive map of the many sciences and quasi-sciences that have embraced the 'neuro' prefix. I also appreciate how Rose and Abi-Rached manage to examine the explosion of 'neuros' with a critical eye, but without dismissing the genuine prospects that it may hold."--Michael E. Lynch, Cornell University
About the Author
Nikolas Rose is professor of sociology and head of the Department of Social Science, Health, and Medicine at King's College London. His books include The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton). Joelle M. Abi-Rached is a PhD candidate in the history of science at Harvard University.
Most helpful customer reviews
42 of 46 people found the following review helpful.
A Fecund Dialogue Between Brain Sciences and Social Science
By Etienne RP
Nikolas Rose and Joelle Abi-Rached conclude the appendix section of their book by stating "[their] belief in the possibilities of critical and affirmative dialogue, and [their] wish to avoid the many simplistic stereotypes that can be found in much critical writing on neuroscience from the side of the social sciences." These stereotypes waived on the new brain sciences by social scientists is that neurobiologists consider the human brain in isolation from its social milieu; that they use simplistic brain imaging techniques or animal models to infer conclusions based on dubious assumptions; and that their claims to improve mental capabilities or cure brain dysfunctions have repeatedly been proven wrong. Some critics even link modern practices to a shameful past of eugenics and lobotomies, and warn against a future when power will be exerted through the management of our brains. All seem to agree that advances in the understanding of the human brain have implications that are nothing short of revolutionary: the brain holds the key to who we are - as individuals, as societies, as species -, and the prefix neuro- is being affixed to a wide spectrum of disciplines and policies ranging from child rearing to behavioral change.
To these hyperbolic claims and stark condemnations, the authors prefer to substitute a close analysis of what brain scientists actually do. They note that "despite all the grand promises and expectations generated by neuro-entrepreneurs, we cannot know for certain whether any lasting new bodies of expertise will emerge, nor can we foretell the role of neurobiology in the government of conduct across the next decades." Historically there have always been close linkages between the way in which human beings are understood by authorities and the way they are governed. The knowledge/power nexus is therefore not alien to strategies being deployed in the emerging field of biopolitics. The emergence of a neuromolecular vision of the brain is opening new avenues for research, and is already seized upon in socio-political debates. Beyond the laboratory and the clinic, a new kind of expertise is mobilized in order to understand and intervene in human conduct. But, as the authors repeatedly state, "neurobiological conceptions of personhood are not effacing other conceptions of who we are as human beings, notably those derived from psychology." It is too early to tell whether the neuromolecular gaze will create a new episteme that will transform our vision of mind and grey matter, brain and the body. After all, the neurosciences are only fifty years old. The authors dates the appearance of their research object to 1962, with the conjunction of three intertwining pathways running through the study of the nervous system, through brain research and through the treatment of insanity.
This being said, there is much scope for critical analysis and for cultural investigation of the burgeoning brain sciences. New technologies of visualization (CT scans, MRI technology) have sometimes substituted for epistemological thinking: as one author active in the field put it, "just because you're imaging the brain doesn't mean you can stop using your head." Brain imaging has given birth to a whole "industry of visualization": "we find papers relating changes in brain activity to responses to art in general and to the work of specific painters; to response to music and to specific composers or performers; papers discussing the neurocognitive processes of religious leaders; studies of brain activation related to the use of language, metaphor, or responses to various novelists." As the authors remind us, the study of mind processes and brain anatomy has often been the domain of pseudo-science and quackery, from Charcot's staged demonstrations of hysteria to Franz Joseph Gall's craniology. Similarly, a chapter titled "What's Wrong With Their Mice?" demonstrates that there is indeed something wrong with the animal models used by brain scientists - mouse reaction in a setup experiment is a constructed artifact that teaches us nothing about human behavior.
The book addresses the reader at a fairly technical level. Most of the research surveyed in the various chapters is very recent, with many papers published in the past ten years. The abbreviation list contains specialized entries such as MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) and SSRI (selective serotonin receptor inhibitor). If you don't know your dopamine from your adrenaline, or your serotonin from your melatonin, you may have a hard time understanding some parts of the text. And even if you do (after all, neurotransmitters have entered the common vocabulary, and are often referred to in popular science writing), you may need some kind of tutorial as how these chemicals operate in the brain, and how they are linked to some brain dysfunctions. Even at that basic level of knowledge, I was surprised to read that "the monoamine hypothesis of depression, and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia ... have proven mistaken, perhaps fundamentally wrong." This, at least, requires some explanation; none is offered. These hypotheses are described as the "two founding myths of psychopharmacology", implying perhaps that drug companies had a stake in popularizing these theories in order to support the marketing of their treatments.
So Neuro is not a science book or a manual, although it addresses scientific questions. Likewise, it is not a philosophy book, but it deals with philosophical issues - do we have brains like we have other organs, or do brains define who we are and what we think? Is consciousness the master in its own house, or are we driven by unconscious neurobiological processes? When we think we are making a choice, hasn't our brain in fact already made that choice? Is there a real world out there, or are our perceptions a fantasy that coincides with reality? Isn't defining true madness the sure sign of madness itself? Are developments in the neurosciences transforming our conceptions of what it means to be a human being? References to philosophy are woven into the text. Readers familiar with Canadian philosopher Ian Hacking will recognize his style of reasoning: close readings of scientific texts; epistemological expressions such as "truth claims", "regimes of truth", or "truth-making"; references to hotly contested social issues, with a sharp refusal to take sides; etc.
One can also detect the influence of Michel Foucault throughout the book. Concepts and expressions such as the "government of the mind", the "conduct of conducts", and the "clinical gaze" are borrowed from Foucault's approach and they echo the many essays he inspired in the social sciences. In fact, Foucault stands more as a cultural horizon or a suffused presence than as a specific reference. Only his book on The Birth of the Clinic is discussed in some detail as being about the formation of a particular clinical gaze which occurred in Europe in the early nineteenth century and that is now extended to the consideration of the mind itself. But Foucaultian concepts are used without specific quotation or attribution, illustrating the extent to which they now form an epistemological base shared by many researchers in the human and social sciences.
Rather than slavishly discussing Foucault's concepts and reproducing excerpts from anthologies, as so many authors do to demonstrate their theoretical deftness, Rose and Abi-Rached go back to the source of Foucault's inspiration: to his teacher and dissertation chair George Canguilhem, whose work is only partly available in English but who is considered as the founding figure of the philosophy of science in France. In writing the history of a particular discipline, Canguilhem warned about "viewing the past from the perspective of its own regime of truth". He insisted that one could not abstract a living being from its social and material environment: "the relations between the living and the milieu as they are studied experimentally, objectively, are among all possible relations, those that make the least sense biologically; they are pathological relations." And he completed: "the study of such biological materials, whose elements are a given, is literally the study of an artifact." Many basic distinctions in the social studies of science - between man and animal, living beings and artifacts, nature and the laboratory, the normal and the pathological...- go back to Canguilhem, and have colonized the social sciences through the indirect mediation of Foucault. In quoting Canguilhem in abundance, in a field of study where the newest reference often renders older sources obsolete, Rose and Abi-Rached connect the most recent advances in the social studies of science to their epistemological base.
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The brief history of Neuroscience
By Robert Sanger
This is an excellent overview of the developments in neuroscience over the last couple of decades.
0 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Two Stars
By M. Leung
Probably the most boring book ever. But At least I Aced my college course with this book.
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